Cancer Health Center

Signs of malignant lymphoma

Dr. Brilliant — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 10:08:23 +0000

Origin of malignant lymphoma is a malignant tumor lymphatic network system. International will be divided into Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (lID) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) two broad categories.
Malignant lymphoma in our country have the following characteristics:
morbidity and mortality in coastal and central than the Mainland.
the peak age of onset curve is about 40 years old, was a single peak.
In the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is very low proportion of follicular, diffuse majority.
Signs of malignant lymphoma
1. Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes as the main signs of malignant lymphoma. Superficial lymph nodes of painless, progressive enlargement is often the first manifestation, particularly in the neck lymph nodes is more common, followed by the arm. Supraclavicular lymph nodes prompted lesions have spread, right from the mediastinum or lungs, usually from the left retroperitoneal. Hodgkin's disease first appeared in cervical lymph nodes accounted for 60% to 70%, left more than right.
2. Signs of extranodal disease
(1) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the chest, about 25% of pleural effusion in the course of the disease, in addition to foreign invasion of mediastinal involvement may also, due to lymphatic obstruction.
(2) invasion of liver parenchyma can cause liver and spleen enlargement, spleen and abdominal lymph node infiltration of lesions by mostly by lymphatic spread from.
(3) diversification of skin manifestations, including tumors, ulcers, subcutaneous nodules, infiltrative plaques, rash, rash hills, etc, often first seen in head and neck.
(4), malignant lymphoma of bone can have partial skeleton by tenderness, pathologic fracture.
(5), tonsils and mouth, nose, throat lymphoma mouth, nose, throat who, location up to the soft palate, tonsils, followed by nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx and base of the tongue less. Clinical signs of focally malignant tumor and the submandibular lymph nodes.
(6) involving the central nervous system nervous system symptoms caused by an appointment in 10% of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, particularly diffuse the original cells, small non-cleaved and large cell lymphoma.
(7), renal enlargement, high blood pressure and blood urea nitrogen retention, others still see pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, renal infarction, amyloidosis, and so on.

Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma

Dr. Brilliant — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 09:30:32 +0000

No matter which part of (I — IV of> kidney lesions and expanded nephrectomy is the most fundamental method of treatment.
1. Radical nephrectomy
Radical surgery is the most basic treatment for renal cell carcinoma. Include removal of perirenal fascia, the ipsilateral adrenal gland, the upper 1 / 2 level of the ureter and renal pedicle to reach the lymph nodes, patients with renal tumors and to breaking of the organization after the one-time complete resection of the ureter.Cancer Therapeutics surgery should follow the principle that the operation should be as soon as possible vascular renal pedicle ligation to reduce blood loss and prevent the spread of tumor cells. Easy to penetrate the renal capsule, renal cell carcinoma, invasion of renal tissues, so they should not be cut after ligation of renal pedicle of perirenal fascia, and fascia beam shall be organized within the en bloc resection.
2. Preserve renal tissue in the surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma
Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma absolute indications include: bilateral renal cell carcinoma or solitary kidney renal cell carcinoma; contralateral renal dysfunction such as renal vascular hypertension, renal tuberculosis, kidney stones, renal pelvis ureter junction stricture. Relative indications include: small renal tumors (ie, diameter <3cm) and located in the renal outer edge.
Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma 3. Renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in the surgical treatment
Renal cell carcinoma prone to renal vein thrombosis, inferior vena cava tumor thrombus extended to or into the right atrium. In recent years the view that without lymph node invasion or distant metastasis, radical nephrectomy may also remove or remove the vein tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, the prognosis is good.

Renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy

Dr. Brilliant — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 08:39:23 +0000

1. Simple immunotherapy
In the late 20th century, 80 reported a variety of biological response modifier (including interferon, interleukin -2 since) have hope for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, there are reports of kidney cancer immunotherapy are effective up to 20%, similar in chemotherapy.
2. Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy
Have recently combined with chemotherapy and interferon therapy of kidney cancer reported. Studies suggest that interferon can increase the efficacy of certain chemotherapy drugs.
The biological response modifier (BRM) of the usual dose is:
(1) n. .- 2 high-dose IL-2 ,105 —- 106IU / Zhi, intravenous injection, every 8 hours 1, every 5 days for a period of 3 weeks. Low-dose IL-2, 9X106IU/m2, subcutaneous injection, every 12 hours 1, with 2 days to 1.8X106IU / time, 1 time every 12 hours a week with 5 days for 6 weeks. IL-2 route of administration and doses currently in exploration, and because of their toxicity, long course, expensive is not yet widely used.
(2) IFN
1) IFN- daily 3X106U, per week for 5 days every 6 weeks for a treatment interval of 1 —- 2 months and then reused.
2) and IFN-a2b daily 00 —- 20) X 106U, week 3 —- 5 days.
3) Human leukocyte interferon 100 million each u, 1 time per day for 5 —- 10 days for a course of treatment.
In short, the use of IL-2 and LAK cells or TIL cells and biological response modifiers (eg interferon) in the immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma can produce certain anti-tumor effect and occasionally to kidney long dissipated.

Chinese medicine treatment of bladder cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 00:29:45 +0000

Chinese medicine treatment of bladder cancer, bladder cancer medicine that is due to the excessive mental and emotional stress, depression, or exogenous pathogens (that is, the external pathogenic factors) violations, as well as the body aging, the impact of their daily life, etc., causes the inner gas stagnation of blood stasis, and finally induced tumors. Or visceral disorders, disorder, etc., can become the cause of induced tumors.
1. Anticancer decoction
Polyporus, diffusa, fleas off, barbata, Wei storage, system Treats all three bait, provoke release Ren 50g. 1000 will be when the water on the drug, boiled for 30 minutes after the leaching liquid, add water 80 gal site, fry 20 minutes after the leaching liquid will be boiled out of the two fluids merge.
Operation: Zhu Huanzhe supine after emptying urine, insert the three-cavity catheter, taking traditional Chinese medicine decoction by adding the liquid 500 —- 1000ml bladder washing machine, the propellant temperature control 44C, and then connected to three-cavity tube The inlet and outlet pipes for automatic washing cycle, in the washing process, Zhu Huanzhe in the left and right supine and prone, supine position on a rotation change, each position for 15 minutes, so that uniform distribution of liquid in the bladder, treatment 2 hours after the evacuation. 1 week before treatment 6 times, later changed to 1 every 2 weeks, then treatment for 6 times, 12 times as a course of treatment.
2. Hedgehog hair vine soup
Hedgehog skin, to the 109 turtle worms, white hair vine, half the school lotus, Agrimony the 30g, Shi Wei, big business, small business all l5g. Decoction, one day, 2 times service.
Canadian soil has been heat-toxin Sheng Ling, Solanum nigrum, Delicious Grass F plus heat Sheng Di Huang Tang P Zhibai astringent poured urine or urine were added Zhimu closed, Cork, cinnamon.
Chinese medicine treatment of bladder cancer, 3. Snakes spring lamb soup
Solanum nigrum, Shen Ying, Ling night soil, Hedyotis diffusa, Duchesnea indica the 30g, sea Jinsha 12g, rushes, Clematis of the 109. Shuijianbi day one.

Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 23:54:46 +0000

Most of the clinical prostate cancer is found in patients with advanced, advanced prostate cancer should be the preferred endocrine therapy, efficiency up to 80 %'-'- 100%. Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer can be directly against the androgen, inhibit the growth of prostate cancer. The more differentiated prostate cancer cells more like normal prostate androgen dependent, the better the efficacy of endocrine therapy. Undifferentiated carcinoma or ductal carcinoma often do not rely on male hormones, so the hormone therapy is not valid.
Commonly used endocrine therapy for prostate cancer methods:
1. Orchiectomy Bilateral orchiectomy is the most effective endocrine treatment, side effects minimal way, without the use of other auxiliary substances after the recent significant effect, long-term efficacy without metastasis 5-year survival was 31%, with metastasis 20%.
2. Estrogen drugs
Hexene female common hope, usage is: day 3 .-..- 5mg, used in conjunction 1'-"-3 weeks and daily maintenance dose of 1'-"-3mg, qd for 2 years. The main side effects are impotence, gastrointestinal reactions, severe cardiovascular disease, thrombophlebitis. Patients with cardiovascular disease should not be used.
3. Anti-androgen drugs
There are two types one by one commonly used steroids and non-steroid. Si corticosteroid luteal (each 100mg, 3 times a day), which a pregnant intoxicated (each 4mg, 2 times a day), non-steroid flunitrazepam kidding cool gel (brand name: flutamide, is the most important The non-steroidal anti-androgen drugs. Usage: Each 250mg, 3 times a day. flunitrazepam has been reported butyric cool glue application plus testosterone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues resection can be achieved hormonal inhibition effect is more good. anti-androgen drugs also pay health lag and aminoglutethimide (amino derivative can sleep), but due to drug toxicity, side effects and poor efficacy, not widely used.
4. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues
Commonly used buserelin (500 bait, sc, 1 every 8 hours, 7 days to 200g per day for 1 month can be achieved after the drug to testis) and enantone (leuprorelin acetae) sustained release (per times 3. 75mg, l times every 4 weeks, subcutaneous, slow release of drug in the body.) However, after administration of these drugs for the first time the 1 —- 3 days, blood testosterone appears a transient rise, increasing the patient's symptoms temporarily, may be combined with paid health lag or flunitrazepam butyric discretion to reduce the early treatment of increased symptoms of adverse reactions. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues has the advantage of fewer side effects and no cardiovascular complications, reversible after discontinuation of testicular function, it can also be used if the drug test for prostate cancer, androgen dependent.

Risk factors of gastric cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 23:01:08 +0000

Risk factors of gastric cancer, gastric quarter rib area in the upper abdomen, above the diagonal from the left and right front below the long axis was oblique. Select the top of the entrance door, said connection with the esophagus, lower exports, said pylorus, and duodenum connected. The risk factors of gastric cancer are the following.
(1) stomach disorders : i have some of the gastric body of patients suffering from gastric ulcer, gastric ulcer in the cancerous on the basis of age of onset less, the general anatomical structure of the stomach indicate female attributes than men, more in gastric body. Domestic information. The cancer rate in the 60/0-18% range. When the stomach gastric polyps, especially adenomas, and large (diameter greater than 2 cm) or more, they should be removed as a precancerous lesion, or there is the risk of cancer, general cancer rate of 11%. In addition, as megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, chronic atrophic gastritis,
Stomach disease can be induced disease and gastric cancer tetir after partial hepatectomy, are a risk factor for gastric cancer. Long-term follow-up of chronic atrophic gastritis 10 to 20 years, about 10% of cases cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer are also relevant.
(2) high-salt diet: We have 127 cities in Henan province, county and national eight provinces, the District 574 city and county investigations, have shown that high salt diet and a significant correlation between the incidence of gastric cancer. High concentrations of chloride content expertise to teach the stomach membrane barrier easily damaged, so vulnerable to carcinogens in the stomach Bo membrane invasion and cancer. So, should eat light, bland diet can not only reduce the risk of gastric cancer, but also reduce the prevalence of hypertension.
Food for Preservation,
Cancer of the risk factors, often to add some nitrate substances. After ingestion of excessive nitrate and nitrite processed foods, an increase of nitrite in the stomach synthetic rubber opportunities, nitrite rubber is a strong carcinogen.
Eat fruits, vegetables and fewer people at increased risk of gastric cancer, mainly because a lot of fruits and vegetables contain vitamins and trace elements and some other anti-cancer substances. Therefore, to eat more fruits and vegetables. Recommend adults eat fruit every day 100 to 200 grams (2 to 4 two), 400 ~ 00 grams of vegetables (8 to 1 kg.)
(3) environmental factors: people in the home or workplace, regular contact with fruits and vegetables contain cancer-causing substances to some dust or pollution, mildew and other harmful chemicals, which can increase the risk of gastric cancer.
(4) blood groups and gastric cancer: A type or subtype of blood group A person who has a high risk of gastric cancer. The exact cause is unknown, probably because the blood of people with such a disease and gastric cancer associated genes.
(5) family history of gastric cancer: If a person whose parents have both parents or brothers and sisters who suffer from cancer, then my risk of gastric cancer will increase. This is mainly structural in their body cells have a mutant gene, and this gene can be passed down from generation to generation.
Gastric cancer risk factors, in short, the above situations, should be early in the attention. Scientific and rational allocation of diet, change bad habits, eat more fruits, vegetables, limit excessive salt intake. For stomach disorders who have family history of gastric cancer, or A-type blood group, should be under the guidance of a doctor regularly to the hospital-related medical examination.

Comprehensive treatment of ovarian cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 21:56:39 +0000

Present an integrated treatment of ovarian cancer to surgical treatment, adjuvant chemotherapy is of great significance, with the discretion given radiotherapy, and then to biological factors or to consolidate the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine.
1. Epithelial ovarian cancer treatment
Preferred surgery plus postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy and biological factors and traditional Chinese medicine.
(1) early epithelial ovarian cancer surgical therapy. Commonly used surgical accessories for the whole double uterus and omentum resection. Poor differentiation of pathology, retroperitoneal lymph nodes and other high-risk cases should be performed to determine a comprehensive staging laparotomy.
Should be used after surgery to shun uranium-based program (such as the PC program) 6 cycles of chemotherapy: no precise surgical staging (no line omentum resection and / or retroperitoneal pelvic lymph node dissection). clear cell carcinoma. the surface of ovarian tumor growth (Ie). tumor capsule rupture or incomplete. tumor and pelvic adhesions.
(2) treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery of choice. All of the abdominal metastases resection as possible, so that residual foci under the diameter of not more than a single 2cm, combined with chemotherapy after 6 – 8 courses, choose the route of administration or systemic administration of the abdominal cavity, pelvic arterial infusion and radiotherapy, where appropriate, biological factor in the treatment and Chinese medicine treatment. Those that can not be removed, chemotherapy may be an early 1 – 2 after treatment, tumors can be estimated that surgical resection, postoperative combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and Chinese medicine treatment.
2. Non-treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer
(1) class of germ cell malignancies, including dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma, etc., is a highly malignant tumor, but sensitive to chemotherapy, including dysgerminoma particularly sensitive to radiotherapy. As dysgerminoma occur in young people aged under 20 accounted for 75%, while the radiation induced malformation of young people possible, so choose radiation therapy should be careful. Conventional surgery is the removal of these tumors double attachment hysterectomy, omental and para-aortic lymph nodes for biopsy, chemotherapy given after 4 – 6 courses of treatment. I can also remove the affected side of patients with accessories, omental and retroperitoneal lymph nodes; E, N of patients, if the uterus and normal contralateral attachment, possible metastases resection, omentum, and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, the uterus and the retained side of the ovary.
(2) the majority of sex cord stromal tumors are benign, benign ovarian tumors by treatment. Others are low or potentially malignant, and of such principles as: I a of the young patients unilateral oophorectomy or determine the staging surgery. Ib or I c of family planning has been completed to determine staging surgery patients. Ie, E, E, N on-line cytoreductive surgery, 6 courses of chemotherapy were given postoperatively.
3. The treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer
Combined therapy should be used, and according to the different parts of relapse choose different treatment modalities.
(1) abdominal, pelvic recurrence can be resected should be removed as far as possible, after limited pelvic recurrence of dysgerminoma, granulosa cell tumor and serous cell carcinoma pelvic radiotherapy complement of embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, or abdominal cavity kitchen wall recurrence were given intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
(2), vagina, vulva, or pelvic recurrence advance extraperitoneal pelvic arterial chemotherapy, then surgery. Vaginal lesions can be used brachytherapy.
(3) more extensive occurrence of systemic metastasis, such as lung, liver, etc. transfer to systemic chemotherapeutic regimens.

Surgical treatment of ovarian cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 20:48:43 +0000

Comprehensive treatment of ovarian cancer is often used, but the most fundamental and most important treatment is still surgery.
1. Surgical treatment of ovarian cancer indications and contraindications.
(1) indications from the modern point of view of gynecologic oncology, ovarian cancer surgery options are nearly limitless, the vast majority of cases, especially the initial treatment, are surgically removed.
(2) relative contraindications extensive infiltration of tumor cells makes the most of the tumor tissue wrapped in intestines, mesenteric curled or disappeared. large pleural effusion serious impact on respiratory and circulatory function, is difficult to tolerate a major surgery. severe uremia, liver disease, severe cerebral vascular accident and so on.
2. Surgical
(1) laparotomy, unilateral oophorectomy for attachment or ovarian cancer, surgical resection of the affected side range of accessories or ovaries, omentum and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, contralateral ovarian biopsy probe profile, peritoneal cytology and high risk area (uterus rectum nest, colon side ditch, mesentery, transverse chest, omentum, retroperitoneal lymph node) biopsy probe, should ensure that the pathological negative resection margin.
(2) exploratory laparotomy, total hysterectomy, double attachment, omentum and appendix of the surgical resection of ovarian cancer in general the basic procedure, and for early ovarian cancer, tumor confined to the net and basically can be cut. Abdominal surgery ranges from ascites or peritoneal washing after sending cytology, exploration, and if necessary, biopsy breast, liver, large intestine, mesentery, peritoneum, omentum, retroperitoneal lymph nodes and pelvic attachments, rectum, bladder and pelvic peritoneum and so on, while hysterectomy, two annexes and omentum removed.
(3) a comprehensive staging laparotomy to determine the surgical procedures for early ovarian cancer or pelvic cancer confined to the net who can cut basically. At the same time hysterectomy, two attachments, omentum, appendectomy, and pelvic and aortic lymph nodes (up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery) dissection.
(4), laparotomy, cytoreductive surgery is mainly used for the surgical patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Principles of the present can not be successful if most of the tumor resection, may be appropriate to reduce the extent of surgery, organ damage in conditions not to be as much as possible removal of the primary tumor and metastases. Surgery, including straight incision large enough, the line ascites or peritoneal washing cytology, biopsy probe or multi-point probe breast removed, the colon side of the ditch, pelvic wall peritoneum, rectum, mesentery and uterine fossa, proper treatment of liver metastases and spleen metastasis the same time, hysterectomy, or pelvic tumor resection double attachment, ovarian vein ligation and excision from the lower edge of the greater omentum transverse colon (hepatic flexure of attention, at the splenic flexure), abdominal aortic and pelvic lymph node dissection to remove the appendix and treatment of intestinal transfer.
(5) second exploratory surgery for ovarian cancer patients after the satisfaction of the success of cytoreductive surgery within a year, and because the purposes for at least six courses of chemotherapy, assisted by clinical or physical examination and laboratory tests, no Signs of tumor recurrence. But that the malignant germ cell tumors, sex cord stromal tumor, borderline tumor, I may be of epithelial tumors, "the second probe." Abdominal surgery, including 2 were washed, the right fossa and pelvic colon lavage cytology delivery, careful exploration of pelvic floor, the colon side of the ditch bilateral pelvic wall, bladder fossa, rectal fossa, omentum and pelvic ligaments funnel roots, mesenteric , intestinal serosa and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and suspicious Department for biopsy. Can be organized under conditions of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and oncogenes, tumor suppressor gene detection.
(6) palliative surgery for advanced ovarian cancer, intestinal obstruction. General surgery or a thin line of making purposes under the site of obstruction client – side anastomosis, side – side anastomosis or T-tube made thin. Surgery aims to relieve obstruction, to resolve the pain of patients and prolong survival.
3. Surgical complications
Possible infection of ovarian cancer surgery, organ (such as the ureter, bowel, bladder, etc.) damage, bleeding, abdominal cavity may occur after infection, adhesions, intestinal thin, thin ureter, pelvic, or surgical site bleeding, hematoma, syndrome, and wound liquefaction, infection, hematoma, and dehiscence. Therefore, surgery should be carefully dissected and exposed clearly, prevention of infection, complete hemostasis, to avoid organ injury, postoperative management syndrome, in order to avoid complications.

Liver cancer risk factors

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 19:45:09 +0000

The liver is the body's largest organ substantial, mostly in the upper abdomen and right quarter rib area, a small part of the season in the xiphoid and the left lower rib area, was tapped mode, fractal both lobes. In addition to the secretion of bile, the liver helps the digestion and absorption of fat, but also participate in various nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamin synthesis, conversion and storage processes, and detoxification, defense and other functions. Liver cancer is the most common malignant tumor in adults, about 75% of hepatocellular carcinoma, 13% for bile duct carcinoma, the other is a rare liver angiosarcoma and so on.
Risk factors for liver cancer: viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, vinyl chloride, Mu dioxide compounds, contraceptive pills, the synthesis of steroids and other tablet formulations.
Liver cancer risk factors, (1) Viral Hepatitis: global data, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis D is closely related with liver cancer. Of liver cancer patients, 900 / 0 has a background of hepatitis B infection, mostly on the basis of chronic hepatitis evolved. Have found that the integration of hepatitis B virus DNA and N-ras gene activation. Hepatitis C infection is often associated with blood transfusion related.
Has been developed in recent years, the hepatitis B vaccine can effectively prevent hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B vaccine for all children to avoid inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus damage, thereby reducing the chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer incidence.
(2) cirrhosis of the liver:
Liver cirrhosis is the result of the formation of hardened nodules, often leading to liver cancer. Most patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis B, hepatitis C infection, some alcohol-related. Therefore, limited alcohol consumption to control the occurrence of cirrhosis and liver cancer is a major significance. Another reason is that excess iron absorption and liver related, which is a hereditary disease called hemochromatosis. Mainly due to the patient absorbed from food due to too much iron. The patients suffering from liver cancer risk 200 times higher than the average person. Early detection and aggressive treatment of this genetic disease can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.
(3) aflatoxin:
Aflatoxin is a strong carcinogen, which can cause liver cell DNA damage, mainly p53 gene damage, leading to abnormal cell growth and cancer. In tropical and subtropical areas, crops such as peanuts, wheat, soybeans, corn, rice and melons food is often easy to fungal contamination. People often eat this food is very easy to get liver cancer. In hot and humid areas, grain storage methods should be improved to prevent the grain was fungal contamination. While national authorities should establish appropriate prevention of food contamination and monitoring system.
Liver cancer risk factors, (4), vinyl chloride and oxide compounds Mu:
Long-term exposure to vinyl chloride and oxide compounds were male, it may lead to vascular sarcoma, but can also cause liver cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Western countries have restrictions on the use and requirements to avoid contact with the food safety monitoring system should be established class of compounds harmful to the quality.
(5) contraceptive pills:
When birth control estrogen oral contraceptive pill can cause liver and benign tumors, called hepatic adenoma; this mild oral contraceptive pill can also increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma opportunities. However, this pill is now rarely used. Current use of estrogen and other hormones isomers, in combination, are carcinogenic is unclear.
(6) synthesis of steroids:
Synthesis of steroids is a male hormone, often taken by athletes to increase their exercise intensity, if the long-term use can increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Categories such as cortisone and dexamethasone has no such drawbacks.

Liver cancer risk factors, (7) monument:
In some parts of the world, drinking water containing high monument will increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Most liver cancer is through public health measures that avoid or reduce exposure to the risk factors to the prevention and control.

Radiation therapy of ovarian cancer

Dr. Brilliant — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 19:06:07 +0000

Ovarian cancer radiotherapy, 1. Preoperative radiotherapy
For isolated, confined to the pelvis, ovarian cancer surgery difficult, especially in patients with chemotherapy is not appropriate. Preoperative radiotherapy can make the tumor shrink, loosening adhesions, improve symptoms, improve the resection rate and reduce the rate of tumor metastasis, reduction surgery to grow, but more to be chemotherapeutic instead. Generally given preoperative radiotherapy tumor dose 2OGy, rest for 2 weeks after surgery; or absorbed dose to the tumor 4OGy, rest 4 "- '8 weeks after surgery.
2. Postoperative radiotherapy
Highly sensitive to radiotherapy and moderately sensitive dysgerminoma of granular cell tumor may consider E of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer surgery and chemotherapy should be, to eliminate or shrink the tumor to a diameter of <2cm and then radiotherapy. Appropriate for postoperative radiotherapy after 7 "- '10 days begin.
3. Palliative radiotherapy
For tumors confined to the lower abdomen of patients with advanced or recurrent, and there supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal lymph nodes, pelvic or para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Palliative radiotherapy can shrink the tumor, symptoms, radiation dose was 40 "- '6 OGy.
4. Radiotherapy treatment
(1) external irradiation, including whole abdominal irradiation and pelvic irradiation.
1) whole abdominal irradiation, including the entire basin, abdominal organs, from the breast, pelvic issued. Common methods: fixed Ono whole abdominal irradiation, including the whole abdominal and pelvic = before and after the two fixed field, before and after vertical irradiation, tumor absorbed dose of 20 "- '3 OGy, pay attention to liver irradiation does not exceed 20" – 'SOGy, kidney not more than 14 "- '18Gy, at the above doses, the liver, kidney requires block of lead protection. However, this method re-radiation reactions, patients easily tolerated, and often interrupted treatment
2) pelvic radiation portal includes the lower abdomen and pelvis, is generally flat umbilical upper bound, lower bound for the pelvic floor, Ke Yi tumor size, adjust the scope of violations of the size and shape of the field. Both before and after irradiation through the field to two, tumor absorbed dose of 40 – "'45Gy (6 –.., 8 weeks to complete.) Larger when the palliative irradiation of pelvic tumors, in order to increase efficacy and reduce the radiation damage, according to the tumor reduce the size of radiation field line, the additional dose to total dose 50 – "'6 OGy.
(2) intracavitary irradiation for lesions in the vaginal stump, vaginal recurrence or metastasis. Generally impose appropriate container vaginal brachytherapy or interstitial implantation, the tumor surface or substrate as a reference point, given tumor absorbed dose of about 20Gy.
Radiation therapy of ovarian cancer (3) radionuclide therapy that intraperitoneal infusion of radionuclide colloidal gold or colloidal 32 P m (use more recent years, colloidal 32 P), mainly for early stage patients, such as tumor rupture with ascites, etc. treatment and prevention of intra-abdominal scattered small postoperative residual tumor treatment. However, this method has diarrhea, intestinal adhesions, intestinal obstruction and other serious complications, and the effect is not certain, has been rarely used and instead of intraperitoneal chemotherapy.